The Persian Empire of Ancient Iran

The Persian Empire of Ancient Iran Irans history as a country of individuals communicating in an Indo-European language didn't start until the center of the second thousand years B.C. Prior to at that point, Iran was involved by people groups with an assortment of societies. There are various relics authenticating settled farming, lasting sun-dried-block abodes, and stoneware making from the 6th thousand years B.C. The most developed region innovatively was old Susiana, present-day Khuzestan Province. By the fourth thousand years, the occupants of Susiana, the Elamites, were utilizing semipictographic composing, most likely gained from the exceptionally propelled human progress of Sumer in Mesopotamia (old name for a great part of the region currently known as Iraq), toward the west. Sumerian impact in workmanship, writing, and religion additionally turned out to be especially solid when the Elamites were involved by, or possibly went under the control of, two Mesopotamian societies, those of Akkad and Ur, during the center of the third thousand years. By 2000 B.C. the Elamites had gotten adequately bound together to annihilate the city of Ur. Elamite human progress grew quickly starting there, and, by the fourteenth century B.C., its craft was at its generally great. Movement of the Medes and the Persians Little gatherings of roaming, horse-riding people groups communicating in Indo-European dialects started moving into the Iranian social region from Central Asia close to the furthest limit of the second thousand years B.C. Populace pressures, overgrazing in their home territory, and antagonistic neighbors may have provoked these movements. A portion of the gatherings settled in eastern Iran, however others, the individuals who were to leave noteworthy authentic records, pushed farther west toward the Zagros Mountains. Three significant gatherings are identifiablethe Scythians, the Medes (the Amadai or Mada), and the Persians (otherwise called the Parsua or Parsa). The Scythians set up themselves in the northern Zagros Mountains and clung to a seminomadic presence in which attacking was the main type of monetary venture. The Medes settled over a gigantic region, coming to the extent current Tabriz in the north and Esfahan in the south. They had their capital at Ecbatana (present-day Hamadan) and every year paid tribute to the Assyrians. The Persians were built up in three zones: toward the south of Lake Urmia (the tradional name, likewise refered to as Lake Orumiyeh, to which it has returned in the wake of being called Lake Rezaiyeh under the Pahlavis), on the northern outskirt of the realm of the Elamites; and in the environs of current Shiraz, which would be their inevitable settling place and to which they would give the name Parsa (what is generally present-day Fars Province). During the seventh century B.C., the Persians were driven by Hakamanish (Achaemenes, in Greek), predecessor of the Achaemenid administration. A relative, Cyrus II (otherwise called Cyrus the Great or Cyrus the Elder), drove the consolidated powers of the Medes and the Persians to build up the most broad realm known in the antiquated world. By 546 B.C., Cyrus had vanquished Croesus*, the Lydian lord of mythical riches, and had made sure about control of the Aegean shore of Asia Minor, Armenia, and the Greek coloniesâ along the Levant. Moving east, he took Parthia (place where there is the Arsacids, not to be mistaken for Parsa, which was toward the southwest), Chorasmis, and Bactria. He assaulted and caught Babylon in 539 and discharged the Jews who had been held hostage there, therefore gaining his deification in the Book of Isaiah. At the point when he kicked the bucket in 529**, Cyruss realm stretched out as far east as the Hindu Kush in present-day Afghanistan. His replacements were less effective. Cyruss temperamental child, Cambyses II, vanquished Egypt however later ended it all during a revolt drove by a cleric, Gaumata, who usurped the seat until toppled in 522 by an individual from a horizontal part of the Achaemenid family, Darius I (otherwise called Darayarahush or Darius the Great). Darius assaulted the Greek terrain, which had bolstered insubordinate Greek states under his aegis, yet because of his annihilation at the Battle of Marathon in 490â was compelled to withdraw the constraints of the realm to Asia Minor. The Achaemenids from there on solidified regions immovably under their influence. It was Cyrus and Darius who, by sound and farsighted managerial arranging, splendid military moving, and a humanistic perspective, set up the enormity of the Achaemenids and in under thirty years raised them from a dark clan to a force to be reckoned with. The nature of the Achaemenids as rulers broke down, nonetheless, after the demise of Darius in 486. His child and replacement, Xerxes, was primarily busy with stifling rebellions in Egypt and Babylonia. He additionally endeavored to vanquish the Greek Peloponnesus, however supported by a triumph at Thermopylae, he overextended his powers and endured overpowering annihilations at Salamis and Plataea. When his replacement, Artaxerxes I, kicked the bucket in 424, the royal court was plagued by factionalism among the sidelong family branches, a condition that endured until the passing in 330 of the remainder of the Achaemenids, Darius III, on account of his own subjects. The Achaemenids were edified autocrats who permitted a specific measure of territorial independence as the satrapy framework. A satrapy was an authoritative unit, typically sorted out on a geological premise. A satrap (representative) managed the district, a general directed military enlistment and guaranteed request, and a state secretary kept authority records. The general and the state secretary detailed straightforwardly to the focal government. The twenty satrapies were connected by a 2,500-kilometer interstate, the most great stretch being theâ royal roadâ from Susa to Sardis, worked by order of Darius. Transfers of mounted dispatches could arrive at the most remote territories in fifteen days. Regardless of the relative neighborhood autonomy managed by the satrapy framework, notwithstanding, illustrious investigators, the eyes and ears of the ruler, visited the realm and gave an account of nearby conditions, and the lord kept up an individual protector of 10,000 men, called the Immortals. The language in most prominent use in the realm was Aramaic. Old Persian was the official language of the domain yet was utilized uniquely for engravings and imperial decrees. Darius reformed the economy by setting it on a silver and gold coinage framework. Exchange was broad, and under the Achaemenids there was an effective framework that encouraged the trading of products among the most distant spans of the realm. Because of this business movement, Persian words for ordinary things of exchange got common all through the Middle Eastâ and inevitably entered the English language; models are, bazaar, cloak, scarf, turquoise, headband, orange, lemon, melon, peach, spinach, and asparagus. Exchange was one of the realms fundamental wellsprings of income, alongside horticulture and tribute. Different achievements of Dariuss rule included codification of the information, an all inclusive legitimate framework whereupon quite a bit of later Iranian law would be based, and development of another capital at Persepolis, where vassal states would offer their yearly tribute at the celebration praising the spring equinox. In its craft and engineering, Persepolis r eflected Dariuss impression of himself as the pioneer of combinations of individuals to whom he had given another and single character. The Achaemenid workmanship and design discovered there is immediately particular and furthermore profoundly varied. The Achaemenids took the fine arts and the social and strict conventions of a significant number of the antiquated Middle Eastern people groups and consolidated them into a solitary structure. This Achaemenid imaginative style is apparent in the iconography of Persepolis, which commends the lord and the workplace of the ruler. Imagining another world domain dependent on a combination of Greek and Iranian culture and ideals, ​Alexander the Greatâ of Macedon quickened the deterioration of the Achaemenid Empire. He was first acknowledged as pioneer by the touchy Greeks in 336 B.C. what's more, by 334 had progressed to Asia Minor, an Iranian satrapy. In quickâ succession,â he took Egypt, Babylonia, and afterward, through the span of two years, the core of the Achaemenid EmpireSusa, Ecbatana, and Persepolisthe last of which he consumed. Alexander wedded Roxana (Roshanak), the little girl of the most remarkable of the Bactrian boss (Oxyartes, who revolted in present-day Tadzhikistan), and in 324 told his officials and 10,000 of his fighters to wed Iranian ladies. The mass wedding, held at Susa, was a model of Alexanders want to perfect the association of the Greek and Iranian people groups. These plans finished in 323 B.C., be that as it may, when Alexander was hit with fever and kicked the bucke t in Babylon, leaving no beneficiary. His realm was separated among four of his officers. Seleucus, one of these commanders, who became leader of Babylon in 312, slowly reconquered a large portion of Iran. Under Seleucuss child, Antiochus I, numerous Greeks entered Iran, and Hellenistic themes in workmanship, design, and urban arranging got predominant. Despite the fact that the Seleucids confronted difficulties from the Ptolemies of Egyptâ and from the developing intensity of Rome, the principle danger originated from the area of Fars (Partha to the Greeks). Arsaces (of the seminomadic Parni clan), whose name was utilized by all ensuing Parthian lords, rebelled against the Seleucid senator in 247 B.C. furthermore, settled a tradition, the Arsacids, or Parthians. During the subsequent century, the Parthians had the option to stretch out their standard to Bactria, Babylonia, Susiana, and Media, and, under Mithradates II (123-87 B.C.), Parthian triumphs extended from India to Armenia. After the triumphs of Mithradates II, the Parthians started to guarantee plummet from both the Greeks and the Achaemenids. They communicated in a language like that of the Achaemenids, utilized the Pahlavi content, and set up a managerial framework dependent on Achaemenid points of reference. Meanwhi

A Miracle for Mankind essays

A Miracle for Mankind expositions Cloning isn't a simple undertaking, but since of such a development in inquire about it merits the troubles to complete such an analysis. Cloning depends on atomic exchange, which include the utilization of two cells, a similar method researchers have utilized for certain years to duplicate creatures from early stage cells. The procedure where by a female's egg is expelled, placed into a Petri dish, and afterward treated by sperm. More than one sperm prepares the egg so it makes the egg split. The egg does this normally, precisely how twins are created. At that point the zona covering is expelled with a compound, and the two eggs are isolated. Next, there is a counterfeit zona covering added to permit the improvement to continue around every one of the eggs. The phones, by then, proceed to separation and structure hereditarily indistinguishable undeveloped organisms. This method will gain the future ground for logical innovation progressively valuable. Numerous Americans accept that cloning meddles with nature, regardless of whether it be with creatures or people. When a vertebrate is cloned, it gives a totally different point of view to the world, and various individuals become furious at the thought. The individuals calculated that researchers would start to find approaches to clone people and transform society into a cliché and uninterested spot to live. The reality remains that cloning is a significant piece of forthcoming technology,Cloning research holds sparkling guarantee for medication, and numerous researchers dread that a hurriedly ordered boycott may incidentally end examine that could fix ailment and spare lives? ( KolataScientists Urge? B11). Researchers trying different things with cloning has been continuing for a couple of years at this point and with the United States specialists uncertainty of cloning, the entirety of the work will never again be justified, despite all the trouble. This implies debilitated indiv iduals that get an opportunity to live, similarly as long as sound individuals, will bite the dust early as a result of mistrust. In any case, researchers have almost certainly that cloning opens up circumstances like the development of clinical research, ... <!

My Experience as an Erasmus Mundus Student

My Experience as an Erasmus Mundus Student My Experience as an Erasmus Mundus Student By Christina Sargsyan Between 2008 and 2010, I did the Erasmus Mundus Masters Course, which split my studies across two different foreign countries: Spain and the UK. I was attracted to the course because it offered a wide range of experiences and the opportunity to experience new perspectives compared to my life at home in Armenia.  At the time, the course was offered by a consortium of three European universities: Aarhus University in Copenhagen, Denmark, Institute of Education in London, UK and the University of Deusto in Bilbao, Spain. I spent the first year in London, then did two semesters in Bilbao and wrapped up the course back in London.   If you're thinking of studying abroad on a similar program, whether it's for just a year or longer, here are some tips I learned from my experiences. How to budget before you leave When you learn that you’re going to be granted several thousand euros to study abroad, your first reaction is likely to be euphoric. Sure, it’s not quite as impressive a figure when you start breaking it down to how much you’ll have each month (especially if your lifestyle is an expensive one), but it will be more than enough providing you have a spending plan. The first thing to sort out is the cost of accommodation. Before you leave home, browse the range of possible accommodation types and their typical costs in the cities you’ll be studying in. If you know you’d prefer to live alone, you’ll want to ignore student accommodation and look for other types of place to live. Find somewhere that suits your interests, but make sure you also narrow down your search to areas near the university. Long commutes could leave you unhappy and affect your ability to learn. Once you’ve secured somewhere to live, work out a budget for other essentials, like food and clothing. Perhaps for the first time in your life, you’ll have to reflect on your diet and how much it costs. Eating at home is both healthy and cost-effective, so don’t think you can just eat out every night. This is especially true in cities like London, where you’ll be buying food from shops like Waitrose or Tesco instead of a local grocery store. These big chains will be full of items you may not really need, but will definitely be tempted to try, and it could take several weeks for you to realise how much it’s actually costing you. If you’re a fashionista, you’ll definitely be unable to control your urge for shopping. Try and quench your thirst for novelty in your wardrobe by taking all your favourite clothes with you, and give yourself enough time to develop a feel for how much you can afford to spend on fashion. The last thing you’re likely to spend money on will be your hobbies and other activities. While at home, you might know the most cost-effective ways to engage in things you love, you’ll probably struggle to plan for these expenses while abroad. Don’t skimp on them though, as you’re likely to need the comfort of your favourite things to help you cope with everything else being unknown and unfamiliar. So don’t be afraid to budget for a few big treats, like major concerts. What it’s like when you’re there Signing up for the Erasmus Mundus scholarship means you’re saying “yes” to almost everything in your life changing. It might not seem like it at first, but once you’ve left home you’ll realise you’ve committed to living in change until it’s all over. Everything, from your home and your language to your daily routine, changes. The first change is rather abrupt: you move from your home to a foreign city about which you only know details from movies or the internet. You don’t know anything about the specific neighbourhood or university you’ll be based in, and it’s the same each time you move on again. It’s an experience like no other, too short to feel like living somewhere properly but too long to feel like you’re a tourist passing by. Each time, you have to start a home and make sure you continue to excel academically. Once you’ve got used to how public transport works and found the nearest bank and post office, it’s time to move again. After the first move you get more used to dealing with the creeping panic of an imminent departure. You already know that you’ll have to leave behind favourite books and clothes, known ways of booking train and concert tickets, familiar streets, people and buildings. It’s important to stay flexible and not be frustrated by the constant changes. Learn to expect differences between one place and another, and make sure you enjoy the movement as much as each destination. If you can do this, your Erasmus Mundus experience will be the best time of your life.

101 Economics - Consumer Theory Easily Explained - 2732 Words

CONSUMER THEORY: THE NEOCLASSICAL MODEL AND ITS OPPOSITE EVOLUTIONARY ALTERNATIVE by Valentino Piana (2003) From http://www.economicswebinstitute.org/essays/consumertheory.htm The standard textbook model of consumer is an outstanding example of the neoclassical paradigm in economics [1]: a h y p e r-rational agent maximises something by choosing an optimal bundle of things. Here, the hyper-rational consumer maximises utility (i. e. an overall generic measure of well-being) by exhausting a given budget. He has a pre-defined income to spend on - for simplicity s sake - two goods, called X and Y, respectively. He could spend his entire income buying only X, thus purchasing a quantity of X equal to income divided by the†¦show more content†¦Choices are sequential. Information available to Neoclassical approach T h e c o n s u m e r h a s f u l l Limited information. consumer information about all existing products, their use and their effects on his welfare (utility). Degree of difficulty o f Zero. The choice is always C h o i c e c a n b e easy, the choice easy, with all pros and cons moderate or extremely already evaluated and difficult, d e p e n d i n g o n compressed in a monotonic the situation. measure (utility). I m p o r t a n c e advertising o f None. The consumer has its own tastes and they can t be changed. T h e l i m i t e d information of the consumer can be extended by advertising. Depending on the decision-m a k i n g s t y l e , advertising can have an important influence beyond the mere information. Importance of the opinion of others None. The consumer stands T h e c o n s u m e r c a n alone in her/his preferences. explicitly ask others or at least have contact with the opinion of others, who are stratified according to the relationship to th e consumer (e.g. friends, teachers,...). None. The consumer can receive i n s t r u c t i o n t o appropriately use the product and enjoy it better. 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Importance of Science and Technology - 916 Words

A very good morning and One Malaysia greetings to the principal of Sultan Ismail Secondary School, Johor Bahru, Madam Hajah Halimah Binti Ali, Senior Assistant of Administration, Madam Hajah Nor Aisah Binti Ramlan, Senior Assistant of Student Affairs, Mr. Ahmad Shakir Bin Jaafar, Senior Assistant of Cocuriculum, Mr. Rosle Bin Baharom, Form 6 Supervisor, Madam Khalthom Binti Ahmad, Head of the Language Department, Ms. Sheela Sher Habib, Head of the Science and Mathematics Department, Madam Hanizah Binti Mahfoz, Head of the Technical and Vocational Department, Mr. Beh Chye Pin, Head of the Social Science Department, Madam Yang Chee Wah, senior teachers, excellent, beloved, caring, loving, dedicated and committed teachers, prefects, class†¦show more content†¦Hence, this proves that machines have really helped in a production of a certain company. 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The Ministry of Science, Technology and Inventions which is familiarly known as MOSTI’S minister, Datuk Dr. Maximus Ongkili has urged everyone to develop th e science and technology field of Malaysia in order for it to be in the same level as the Science and Technology of developed countries all around the world such as Australia, United Kingdom and United States of America. Therefore, everyone shouldShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Science And Technology1352 Words   |  6 PagesThe importance of science and technology cannot be overlooked from our day to day lives. It has revolutionized the way we live. The creation of virtual spaces where distances do not matter, the bigger and better health care facilities which are now available, the effectiveness of the physical connectivity, the efficient utilization of the resources to the better ways of living, the use of the technology has definitely improved our standard of living. 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Its functions in the modern society today expand far beyond the uses one could even begin to imagine. Specifically, there is an increased influence in its practical application in the field of medicine. In recent times, an interdependent relationship between medicineRead MoreEssay on Fear of Science and Technology1618 Words   |  7 PagesFear of Science and Technology Traditionally, most people think of science in form of physics, chemistry, biology. They might also include the social science , anthropology, economics, psychology, and sociology as a branch of science. In truth, within each of these fields have emerged a new subdivision of science which continue emerging at present time and in future rapidly. Science branches are being vaster in every moments of our life; Science has come one of the dominant force in our time. By

Introduction to Accounting Observe Ethical and Technical

Question: Describe about the Introduction to Accounting for Observe Ethical and Technical. Answer: 1. Total amount of assets belonging to Tiny Tots Current assets $ Cash 1500 Prepaid rent 1000 Total 2500 Non-current liabilities Equipment 10000 Total 12500 Total Amount of liabilities Current liabilities $ Wages payable 2500 Accounts payable 4500 Non current liabilities Notes payable 1000 TOTAL 8000 C) Using the accounting equation, what is the amount of Owners Equity reported on Tiny Tots balance sheet Accounting equation states that Assets= liabilities + owners equity Assets= $12500 Liabilities=$8000 Owners Equity= 12500-8000= $4500 d)How much net profit did Tiny Tots have for the year tiny Tots Ltd Net profits for the year Revenues $4000 Less: Expenses $2000 Net Profit $2000 2. Plata Ltd Balance Sheet statement As At 30th June Current Assets $ Cash 131950 Receivable 70300 inventories 13026 Prepaid insurance 1500 Non Current Assets Plant and Equipment 183000 Intangible Assets Intangible 8750 Total Assets 408526 Financed By: CAPITAL 198626 Retained Profits 44950 LIABILITIES Current liabilities Accounts payable 8500 Salaries payable 1450 30% interest bearing 46500 Non Current Liabilities Long term liabilities 108500 Total Liabilities and Capital 408526 3. To: John Minor From: Frank Grey (CPA) Subject how ethics impact a CPA (Certified Practising Accountant The accountants boards all over the world are responsible for the development of accounting ethical values. These regulatory bodies requires practising accountants to act responsibly when serving the public. Accountants should act responsibly when reviewing sensitive financial information and also when engaging in any accounting services(Clarke, 2005). Sound Moral judgement should be exercised by a practising accountant in all their activities. While providing clients with professional services, accountants are expected to present accurate and truthful assessment of the company and its financial health to the public(Duska Duska, 2003). In accounting profession, integrity is a fundamental element. This requires accountants to be forthright, honest and candid with a client with regards to financial information. Accountants are required to restrict themselves from personal gain and the urge of taking advantage of confidential information. Integrity allows clients to get good information from the accountant. There are instances where differences of opinion or errors regarding applicability of laws in accounting, integrity enables accountants to avoid manipulating financial information and intentionally deceiving clients (Jeffrey, 2005). Ethics ensure accountants act in a consistent and professional manner. In the absence of standards, it is required that accountants should act in accordance to commonly accepted principles. Independence and objectivity are critical ethical values in accounting profession. When conducting business and offering services, accountants should remain free from conflict of interest and business relationships that are questionable (Jeffrey, 2008). Objectivity and independence ensures that an accountant provides information about a company that is factual and honest (Marriott, Edwards, Mellett, 2002). For accountants who perform more than one function for a single client, for example auditing, management advisory and tax services, they may compromise their independence and objectivity. Because an accountant may be reviewing their own work when auditing the same work hence objectivity and independence is vital for an accountant. Due care is an ethical value requiring an accountant to observe ethical and technical accounting standards set in the profession. In this case, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are used by the accountant (Professional ethics in accounting and finance, 2010). Due care requires professional accountants like us to exercise diligence, competence and a proper understanding of the financial information. Competence is based on experience and education, hence, due care requires experienced accountants to direct other accountants who have less experience in the profession. References Clarke, E. (2005).Accounting. South Melbourne, Vic.: Thomson. Duska, R. Duska, B. (2003).Accounting ethics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. Jeffrey, C. (2005).Research on professional responsibility and ethics in accounting. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI. Jeffrey, C. (2008).Research on professional responsibility and ethics in accounting. Bingley: Elsevier JAI. Marriott, P., Edwards, J., Mellett, H. (2002).Introduction to accounting. London: SAGE. Professional ethics in accounting and finance. (2010). London.

Abortion Essays (1350 words) - Abortion, Abortion Debate

Abortion In our society, there are many ethical dilemmas that we are faced with that are virtually impossible to solve. One of the most difficult and controversial issues that we are faced with is abortion. There are many strong arguments both for and against the right to have an abortion which are so complicated that it becomes impossible to resolve. The complexity of this issue lies in the different aspects of the argument. The essence of a person, rights, and who is entitled to these rights, are a few of the many aspects which are very difficult to define. There are also issues of what circumstances would justify abortion. Because the issue of abortion is virtually impossible to solve, all one can hope to do is understand the different aspects of the argument so that if he or she is faced with that issue in their own lives, they would be able to make educated and thoughtful decisions in dealing with it. The definition of a person is an aspect of the abortion issue which raises some very difficult questions. Is an unborn baby a person? When does the unborn baby become a person? This is a difficult question because in order for one to answer it, he must define the essence of a person. When describing the essence of something, one needs to describe the necessary and sufficient conditions of that thing. So how does one define the essence of a person? Kant describes a person as a rational being. Some people define the essence of a person from more of a biological standpoint. Nevertheless, defining the essence of a person is a very difficult thing for a group of people to agree on. One's own definition of a person would most likely greatly impact his opinion on whether abortion is morally justified or not. This becomes even more complicated when one takes into account potentiality. This raises the question of whether the fetus is an actual person or a potential person. Many would argue that a fetus is a potential person because it is has the potential to become what it is not yet. However, does a potential person have potential rights? An example was used: does a potential doctor have the rights of a licensed doctor? When one is describing potentiality, All he is really describing is what that thing is not. By declaring that a fetus is a potential person, one is also stating that a fetus is not a person. As one can see, this issue of the essence of a person and whether a fetus is a person is a very complicated one. This becomes seven more complicated if one takes into account the issue of rights. Now, the concept of human rights, that is to say, what American society dictates as human rights, conflicts heavily with itself. On one hand, we form a deep and heavy opinion on one's right to life. On the other, we hold an equally strong opinion on one's freedom to live that life as they please. American society by and large has a firm belief in an individuals right to live. Therefore, if one comes to the conclusion that a fetus actually is a person, then that fetus should receive the protection to it's right to live, as much as you or I. This society also holds the firm belief in one's right to the sovereignty of his or her own body, equal to that of one's right to live. In this case, it is imperative that we understand what liberties we can and cannot take upon ourselves concerning our lives. Case in point, suicide. Society dictates what we are allowed to do, and how we are allowed to live, by law. Most of American laws are written to preserve one's rights to individuality, and one's right to take the liberty to live their lives as they see fit. However, laws are also written to undermine those who's actions compromise the liberties and freedoms of other individuals, thus protecting the concepts and ideals of agency and liberty. Based on our society's laws, essentially, we believe that what you do to yourself is your choice, and is accepted by law, so long as it doesn't stop or impede the lives and freedoms of others. The difficulty in this dilemma lies within the question of whether an abortion falls into a category of protection of a woman's right's over the sovereignty of her own body, or whether it

Biography of Robert McNamara, Vietnam War Architect

Biography of Robert McNamara, Vietnam War Architect Robert S. McNamara (June 9, 1916–July 6, 2009) was a secretary of the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1960s and the chief architect and most vocal defender of the Vietnam War. He spent his later years as an elder statesman, apologizing for an escalation of the conflict that became known as McNamaras War. He strove to redeem himself by helping the worlds poorest nations. Before his death in 2009, McNamara wrote about the failures that would became his legacy: Looking back, I clearly erred by not forcing - then or later, in Saigon or Washington - a knock-down, drag-out debate over the loose assumptions, unasked questions and thin analyses underlying our military strategy in Vietnam. Fast Facts: Robert McNamara Known For: U.S. Secretary of Defense during the Vietnam WarBorn: June 9, 1916 in San Francisco, CaliforniaDied: July 6, 2009 in Washington, D.C.Parents Names: Robert and Clara Nell McNamaraEducation: University of California at Berkeley, Harvard Business SchoolSpouses Names: Margaret Craig (m. 1940–1981), Diana Masieri Byfield (m. 2004)Childrens Names: Robert, Margaret, Kathleen Early Years and Education Robert Strange McNamara was born on June 9, 1916 to Robert, the son of Irish immigrants, and Clara Nell McNamara. His father managed a shoe company in their hometown of San Francisco. The young McNamara was raised during the Great Depression, an experience that helped shape his liberal political philosophy. Later, he honed this philosophy at the University of California at Berkeley, where he studied economics. Next, he studied business administration at Harvard University, then went on to work for Ford Motor Company. He served as Fords president for a month until being tapped by President John F. Kennedys administration in 1960 to lead the Pentagon. Defending the Vietnam War McNamara was vilified by opponents of the Vietnam War for his seemingly unflinching support of the conflict in public, distorting the reality of the war and misleading the president. He used the statistical analysis techniques he learned at Harvard to try to measure success on the battlefield. According to the Vietnam Center and Archive at Texas Tech University, McNamara switched to using enemy body counts instead of territory or land based objectives to measure the American’s success in the war...[which] led to a war of attrition, a policy of inflicting massive casualties on the enemy. In private, McNamaras doubts about the mission grew along with the body count, and he questioned whether the war was actually winnable. Eventually, he raised such concerns with President Lyndon B. Johnson, with no success. McNamara resigned as secretary of Defense in 1968 following his failed attempt to both negotiate a settlement in the Vietnam War and convince Johnson to freeze troop levels and stop bombings. Clark Clifford, an adviser to Johnson, succeeded McNamara. McNamara went on to become president of the World Bank. Famous Quotes I deeply regret that I did not force a probing debate about whether it would ever be possible to forge a winning military effort on a foundation of political quicksand. It became clear then, and I believe it is clear today, that military force - especially when wielded by an outside power - cannot bring order in a country that cannot govern itself. We burned to death 100,000 Japanese civilians in Tokyo - men, women and children. LeMay recognized that what he was doing would be thought immoral if his side had lost. But what makes it immoral if you lose and not immoral if you win? We of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations acted according to what we thought were the principles and traditions of our country. But we were wrong. We were terribly wrong. You dont ... correct a wrong by apologizing. You can correct a wrong only if you understand how it occurred and you take steps to ensure it wont happen again. Later Career McNamara served as the World Bank president for 12 years. He tripled its loans to developing countries and changed its emphasis from grandiose industrial projects to rural development.After retiring in 1981, McNamara championed the causes of nuclear disarmament and aid for the worlds poorest nations. He fought what he described as the â€Å"absolute poverty - utter degradation† in  Africa, Asia and Latin America. Legacy McNamara died on July 6, 2009, in Washington, D.C. His legacy will forever be intertwined with the Vietnam War and tainted by his loyalty to the presidents he served rather than the American people. The New York Times condemned McNamara in a devastating editorial, writing: â€Å"Mr. McNamara must not escape the lasting moral condemnation of his countrymen. Surely he must in every quiet and prosperous moment hear the ceaseless whispers of those poor boys in the infantry, dying in the tall grass, platoon by platoon, for no purpose. What he took from them cannot be repaid by prime-time apology and stale tears, three decades late.†

The Affordable care act negatively impacts small businesses' tax Essay

The Affordable care act negatively impacts small businesses' tax liability and their ability to expand and hire new employees - Essay Example The act intends to offer all citizens of America a health insurance policy that can be easily affordable. This is in line with the main goal of achieving better health care in the United States. Employer is required to sign and implement the new act. This is supposed to affect companies with 50 or more staff members. The staffs are supposed to be given the health insurance. Failure to adhere to the new rules will see companies getting stiffer penalties. The act comes as a reprieve to the employees but serious issues still arise on the side of employers (Tammy, 2013). These challenges that have led to the delayed implementation of the act include:- 2. Tax Liability. Employers with the threshold of 50 or more staff are legally required to give health coverage to their staff. Failure to adhere to this they are to pay tax penalty which will increase annually. Estimates indicate that in 2014, the penalty will amount to $47.50 per child and $95 per adult or 1 percent of the household income that is taxable. In 2015, the penalty will be $ 162.50 per child and $ 325 per adult or 2 percent of household income that is taxable. In 2016, the penalty will amount to $347.50 per child and $695per adult or 2.5 percent of household income that is taxable. In each case, whichever option is highest will be considered. After 2016, there will be an increase annually in the penalty centered on the increase in living cost (Tammy, 2013). The penalties impacts negatively on small business that might be forced to go through severe losses and even shutdown. 3. Hiring. Research indicate that there will be a less of approximately two million people employed on full time basis in 2017 as compared to the number working in the nonexistence of the new law. Big and small companies are likely to reduce the rate of hiring, the small companies being the most affected. ACA can hasten the deterioration in employment in small business by reducing both the need of

Analyze Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyze - Research Paper Example According to the article, the US possesses inclusive free-trade agreements with nearly 17 nations comprising both Canada as well as Mexico. The article emphasized that the different service providers that encompass law as well as bank firms to reap maximum benefits from the idea of international trade of the US with other various nations (The New York Times Company, 2013). Government Influence The governmental interventions in global business provide significant implications upon different significant aspects that include employment and inflation among others. From the viewpoint of the aspect of employment, the governments influence global business by encouraging the business procedures of different organizations as well as by generating ample job opportunities. In relation to inflation, the governments influence global business by ensuring that there does not lay any sudden rises especially in the prices of the products (The New York Times Company, 2013). ... order to combat particularly against corruption, terrorism and different cross-border criminal activities like drug smuggling (The Washington Post, 2013). 2. Important aspects of Global Business in relation to Foreign Exchange and Rates Foreign exchange rates are fundamentally regarded as an imperative determinant in the business activity of any nation in the global context. It can broadly be stated with foreign exchange rates, it is possible for a nation to conduct its business transactions nationally as well as internationally by a considerable level. The major significance of foreign exchange rates is that the exchange rates extensively enhance the trade level of a particular nation. There are numerous factors that influence foreign exchange rates by a significant degree. In this connection, the factors comprise dissimilarities in the interest charges, public debt and financial performance among others. In accordance with the reports of a recently published article, it has been vi ewed that Egypt adopts a latest system by which they can purchase as well as sell foreign currencies. The prime objective of the nation i.e. Egypt to introduce a new system of transacting foreign currencies is to provide an active support particularly to the finance related policy makers while facing problem linked with foreign-exchange reserves. The country strongly believed that by introduced such system it can safeguard the reputation of Egypt as a business nation in financial international markets (The Wall Street Journal, 2013). 3. Important aspects of Global Business in relation to International Business Strategy and Country Evaluation and Selection In the context of providing a global strategy for pursuing various business transactions, it has been viewed in a recent article that a

Inflation and Unemployment Essay Example for Free

Inflation and Unemployment Essay Recently, the United States of America has been bombarded with a great financial crisis. Many companies resulted to bankruptcy forcing the owners to close their businesses. Other companies had lay-off some workers to lessen the operating costs of their business. Few other companies resulted to cutting the employee’s benefits to avoid laying-off and closure. Workers earning below marginal income resigned from their job in the hope that they could find another job which pays better. Among these responses, the most notable problem is the increase in the rate of unemployment. In a report from Bureau of Labor Statistics (2009) among the 2,309 population in Iowa only 1,602 are employed while 62 are jobless in 2007. In 2008, from 2,325 members of the population, 1,607 are employed while 69 are jobless. Measuring the employment-population ratio of Iowa residents aged 16 years and above, the rate of unemployment was at 69. 4 percent in 2007 and 69. 1 percent in 2008 (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2009). Meanwhile, the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2009) reported that the unemployment rate in Waterloo-Cedar Falls Metropolitan Area rose at 8 percent in February 2009 whereas the jobless rate was recorded at 4. 9 percent. This is relatively high as compared to unemployment rate in 2008 which was at 3. 9 percent and in 2007 which was at 3. 7 percent (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2009). State inflation has been identified as one of the major factors that contributed to the increased number of the unemployed. Inflation refers to â€Å"a process in which the average level of prices increases at a substantial rate over a considerable period of time† (Grolier Encyclopedia, 1995, 150). This implies that more money is needed to buy a certain amount of products and services. In Keynesian term, the relationship of inflation and unemployment has been described as: Wage costs are among the costs that rise in response to higher pries. When unemployment is low, employees can old out for full compensation for the higher prices, and raises above that. When unemployment is high, however, the employees will have to settle for less, and so costs do not rise as fast as prices when unemployment is high. (cited in Inflation and Unemployment). Adopting this term in the case of Waterloo-Cedar Falls, the high price of goods and services lead to increase in the number of unemployment since the companies are forced to cut down their human resources to adapt to the increasing prices of goods and services that caused high costs in production. There are also times in Waterloo-Cedar Falls when high unemployment caused high inflation yet the production cost did not increase as fast as the prices. In this situation, high employment is caused by low labor wage. Since the wage is low, the demand for product and services is also low forcing the companies to increase their prices in order to compensate for the low demand of products and services. Analyzing the relationship between inflation and unemployment the following factors are said to contribute to the increase or decrease of the two variables: wage as part of production costs, level of demands and supply, and cost of goods and services. Depending on the movement or behavior of these factors, the level of inflation or unemployment will either increase or decrease. Yet, it does not always follow that when unemployment is high; inflation is also high or vice versa. There are other instances when unemployment is low yet the level of inflation is high or vice versa. Again the increase or decrease in level of the two variables depends on the above mentioned contributing factors. The Waterloo-Cedar Falls, however, tried to address the problems of inflation and unemployment by creating job opportunities for its residents. As expressed by Bob Seymour, Cedar Falls community services manager and economic development director, in an interview by Jim Offner (2009)† â€Å"Obviously, we’re not immune to what’s going on nationally, but we’re pleased that we’ve been able to see some expansion and new-project interest in Cedar Falls right now. The university obviously keeps us on an even keel, and I think our business community has learned to be more diversified and in a better position to weather these down times. Projects like Target Corp. ’s new perishables distribution warehouse and retail developments in Cedar Falls also are helping the city withstand national trends. † (cited in Offner, 2009). This solution however is applicable only for a short period of time. To really solve the problem of inflation and unemployment, Waterloo-Cedar Falls should implement a demand managing policy wherein the government and private sectors will be required to learn how to manage demands in supply (both of labor and product materials) and demands in product and services according to economic situation. Such management is needed so that the people of Waterloo-Cedar Falls will be trained to expect the worst consequences of increase or decrease level of inflation and unemployment. References Grolier Encyclopedia. (1995). Inflation. In U. S. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge 10, 150. USA: Grolier Incorporated. Mc Cain R. A. 2009. Inflation and Unemployment. Retrieved April 24, 2009 from http://william-king. www. drexel. edu/top/prin/txt/AS/where1. html Offner, J. (2009). Local jobless rates among best in state. Retrived April 24, 2009 from http://www. wcfcourier. com/articles/2009/03/11/news/breaking_news/doc49b7a3bf91f75482515049. txt U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2009a). Over-the-year change in unemployment rates for Metropolitan Areas: Monthly rankings, not seasonally adjusted. Retrieved April 24, 2009 from http://www. bls. gov/web/laummtch. htm. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2009b). Regional state and unemployment, 2008 annual averages. Retrieved April 24, 2009 from www. bls. gov/news. release/pdf/srgune. pdf.

Affirmative Action Essay -- Race Racism

Affirmative Action The Webster dictionary defines affirmative action as an â€Å"active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This paper will discuss the history of affirmative action and its effects on education and the work force in our society. I will argue why affirmative action is necessary for minorities to gain equal opportunities educationally and economically and how affirmative action is morally required as reparation for past discrimination. I will also discuss why many people believe that affirmative action is a step in the wrong direction and point out several arguments as to why we should get rid of affirmative action and try to validate their claims. Affirmative action requires that supervisors in charge of economic and educational opportunities take into consideration a candidate’s sex, disabilities, and ethnic background when accepting positions, especially if the candidate’s ethnic affiliation has had a history of racial discrimination. These minority groups are entitled to special considerations, typically viewed as payments made by the government to settle past discrimination. The effects of affirmative action have been well seen in economic and educational systems where educators and employers have long been pressured into giving preference to minorities even if they lesser qualifications, to help write off past discrimination. Affirmative action was established on the basis that because of the past discrimination of races, our nation was unable to flourish into what it should have become- a nation which provided equal opportunity regardless of a person’s race. It is in my opinion that had our country n ever oppressed colored people to such a great exten... ...nathan. Long Way to Go: Black and White in America. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1998. Thomas D. Boston, Affirmative Action and Black Entrepreneurship. New York: Routledge, 1999. Geiger, H Jack. "Race and Health Care-An American Dilemma?" New England Journal of Medicine 335(11):815-816 (1996) Gould, Stephen Jay. The Mismeasure of Man. New York: Norton & Co., 1981. Curry, George. The Affirmative Action Debate. Massachusetts: Addison Wesley, 1996. Wise, A.E., Darling-Hammond. Effective teacher selection: From recruitment to retention. R-3462-NIE/CSTP, Washington, DC: RAND Corporation., 1987 Rosenfeld, Michel. Affirmative Action and Justice: A Philosophical and Constitutional Inquiry. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. Rothman, Stanley; Lipset, Seymour Martin & Nevitte, Neil, "Racial Diversity Reconsidered," The Public Interest Spring 2003.

Fences Baseball Essay

Fences by August Wilson is a play full of baseball imagery, which is key to understanding the writing. Being a play the reader must interpret the scenes from emotions, setting, tone, and interpretation. This gives them insight to how August Wilson wants to portray the book. Being a white man writing from the perspective of a poor black man he sends the reader back into a time where blacks were inferior. They were pushed into a life where they could never climb the social ladder in sports or work. Troy being a former baseball player holds resentment towards the world and becomes bitter over the years. He has experienced injustice for many years and this has had a toll on him. Troy has the power to future to look at the situation differently but falls into the victim roll. Foreshadowing from the first scene of the play Troy’s has arrogance toward death leads to his death in the last scene with a baseball bat in his hand. The play is based around Troy’s love for baseball a nd how characters compare it to life situations. â€Å"Death ain’t nothing but a fastball on the outside corner†(1.1.82). Troy seeing his life as a baseball game compares a fastball to death. During Troy’s life he encounters an experience that supposedly brings him close to death. This may not actually be the case due to Troy’s practice at telling stories, but its importance is from the idea of a perfect pitch. Troy’s sees this perfect pitch as a homerun, showing the reader that Troy likes to bring drama to any situation. Troy being a former baseball player reverts to old ways when he was playing, he never made it to the big leagues and holds resentment. By never growing from his baseball years, he approaches every situation as if he is in a game. Troy introduces his tale early in the play giving the reader a chance to understand his character. â€Å"You got to take the crookeds with the straights. That’s what Papa used to say†(2.5). Lyons makes this remark to Cory, the son of Troy at the play in Act 2. This is significant because this is Lyons can finally understand and relate to Troy. Lyons has a metal plate in his head and has disabilities which cause him to make poor dictions and go to jail numerous times. Troy kept paying of the judge to get him out of jail and there was a part in the play where he remarks saying that he didn’t care what happening to Lyons. Being his brother Troy and Lyons have tensions in their relationship and this when Lyons makes an important connection to Troy. By being able to see that they were both very similar in their life dictions which connect them. Though this is a sad moment in their relationship, Lyons sees that they have never accomplished their dreams. I interpret the quote meaning that even though there are good times and bad ones, one must take them both. I belie ve you cannot experience happiness without struggle because then there wouldn’t be any separation between the two. By being able to distinguish the two one can become a better person because we can learn to deal with it better. â€Å"We’re not talking about baseball! We’re talking about you going off to lay in bed with another woman†¦ ain’t talking about no baseball†(2.1.121). Rose finds out Troy’s affair with Alberta and becomes upset with Troy’s response to her. Troy doesn’t see cheating on Rose as a problem and only sees what he is doing as a game. The problem is that he isn’t playing in a baseball game anymore and he is affecting his family. Troy’s waists his eighteen years with a woman he has loved, only to get Alberta pregnant and she dies due to complications during the pregnancy. Troy feels no regret and sees Alberta as an accomplishment because he was able to â€Å"steal second†(2.1.118) while he was still married. While his wife Rose sees it as being selfish and not thinking of her or her feelings during his affair. â€Å"They got lots of colored boys playing ball now. Baseball and football†(1.1.76-1.1.77). In the beginning of the novel the Troy’s wife, Rose and best friend, Bono and trying to convince that times have changed sense he played baseball. Their son Cory is trying to get recruited for football and Troy doesn’t believe he will be able to make a living to support himself being a black football player. This causes friction and tension between the couple because of their mixed views. Troy cannot get over his personal problems and drags him to his relationship with Cory. Instead of being supportive of his child, but pretends to be concerned, only being selfish from his experiences. Troy hates the thought of his children doing better than he ever did, being suppressed by the time he is in poverty. Cory resents him because Troy was in jail and was not there for his childhood, as a result Cory does not feel as though his father should have a say in his life. â€Å"You [Cory] swung and you [Cory] missed. That’s strike one. Don’t you strike out!† (2.4.58). Cory does not believe that he did anything wrong by quitting his job and as a result of a football career. Troy believes that Cory will also be cheated and segregated from the whites. Only because Troy is being stubborn and this is his perception of what will happen to Cory. Troy doesn’t know how to describe his feelings and he uses a baseball reference to release his anger. The problem is that he still holds on this anger which is self destructive. Then Cory strikes out two times by protecting his mother. Troy refuses anything that is not his own opinion because of his own rejection from his opportunities turned down by baseball. â€Å"If you going down†¦you going down swinging† ( 69). Troy tries to explain his life and diction making. This quotation shows how Troy is trying to justify his actions to Rose. He cannot get through to her using his baseball innuendos to make his actions seem less serious. Troy needs to look at Rose and apology for what he has done, but Troy sees his actions as laughable. He cannot take what he has done serious because he has hit a home run. This is his way of making up for the past this is his own reason to keep her in his life because she is a distraction from his life. He replaces baseball with Alberta, in the sense he feels â€Å"safe† when he is with her and creates a relationship based on hitting a home run. Putting his runs on the board is how he looks at winning in life instead taking a step away from his delusional life with Alberta. â€Å"They got a lot of coloured baseball players now. Jackie Robinson was the first. Folks had to wait for Jackie Robinson† (10). Troy blaming another person for his failure, he is not capable of taking responsibility for his own problems. Thinking till the day of his death Troy was robbed of a life he could have died he cannot get over the fact that he will never get that life back. Jackie Robison is his scapegoat and wants to give the credit of being the first black baseball player, but his jealously takes him over. He talks about how Jackie wasn’t even a good ball player instead of looking why the major leagues picked him to the first man. It was because of Jackie’s strength and hitting record that one man when out on a whim and took him in.

A Feministic View on Jackson’s Short Stories ‘the Lottery’...

Shirley Jackson is most famous for her short story ‘The Lottery’ and her novel ‘The Haunted House’. She has been applauded for her fresh approach towards American Gothic writing. There are many works dedicated to the gothic elements her stories contain. However, most critics overlooked the feminist elements that most of her stories have. The two short stories discussed in this essay both have female characters who are outsiders in their society. Careful examination of the protagonists’ course of action, setting, and symbolic references Shirley Jackson put in both of the stories shows that the female protagonist in both ‘The Lottery’ and ‘The Tooth should be considered as a woman with a feminist attitude towards a male-dominated society.†¦show more content†¦However, towards the end of the story Tessie transforms into a different woman once her family is chosen. The next passage indicates Tessie’s transformation when all of the sudden, Tessie Hutchinson shouts to Mr. Summers, â€Å"You didnt give him time enough to take any paper he wanted. I saw you. It wasnt fair!†(298). Her husband did not receive an honest treatment according to Tessie, which will eventually lead to her downfall. Now that she is the victim, there is a significant change in attitude towards the town and its tradition. She is no longer a good-natured woman who finds the lottery on great joke, instead, she stands up to this old tradition and is more nervous and aggressive than ever before in the story. This is the complete opposite of what we first saw of Tessie, a simple woman concerned more with her dishes than the lottery. The character of Tessie, in the end of the story, is fully aware of the consequences of this same lottery and she protests against the tradition which is so deeply rooted in her society. Because of the first impression of Tessie the reader would have expected her to just shrug her shoulders, inst ead Tessie does completely the opposite and stands up for her own rights. In ‘The Tooth’ Clara leaves her secure domestic environment to travel to