Bosnian Refugee Life in America Essay

Thousands of refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina nurture fled to the united States to seek protection from the ethnoreligious appointments of the region. To outflank assist these families, service providers must understand their warfaretime and migration experiences and their culture. The purpose of this article is to review the literature relevant to works with Bosnian Islamic refugees as intimately as to understand the uruque issues facing this population. The authors interest in Bosnian Muslim refugees is a personal one.Between 1992 and 2001, nearly 3,500 Bosnian refugees escaping ethnic cleansing and war migrated to roll Green, a small city of 50,000 in rural southcentral Kentucky. The Bowling Green International Center has been a part of the local community since 1979 and actively works with the United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI). For more(prenominal) than 25 years, the center on has assisted thousands of refugees of m either nationalities in their migration to the United States and the local community.According to the centers director, Marty Deputy, Bosnians make up the largest percentage of refugees that have relocated to Bowling Green (personal communication, February 3, 2005). Deputy convertiblely indicated that while Bosnian refugees have adapted well to the local community, they still panorama some(prenominal) challenges because of their experiences in Bosnia in addition to their desegregation into a new culture. One of the issues that continue to haunt many Bosnian refugees is post-traumatic try outa dissolver of war and racial extermination.Post-traumatic stress is particularly an issue for the adult wowork force, who experienced the trauma of rape and intimate charge as well as witnessing the murder of their children and spouses. According to Deputy (personal communication, February 3, 2005), social workers should approach Bosnian families and children with pagan competence. If visiting a Bosnian home, for e xample, removing ones shoes when entering is a display of repute and sensitivity. A willingness to drink a strong cup of Bosnian coffee is besides appreciated. Social workers alike must be photosensitive about body language and speech tone.It is also important non to assume that all Bosnians are alike. As with all cultures, there is tremendous variation in the Bosnian culture, along with individual differences in personality and environsal experiences. Bosnian Muslim Experiences in the War The 1991 nosecount for Bosnia-Herzegovina shows that Muslims made up 43. 7% of the total population of 4. 3 million people. Serbs accounted for 31. 3% and Croats 17. 3% (Bringa, 1995). Serbs determine the Muslims majority population base in Bosnia-Herzegovina as its strategic strength (Cigar, 1995).In 1992, therefore, the Serbs declared war and began a course of ethnic cleansing to eradicate non-Serbs. The term ethnic cleansing stands for the policy of ridding an orbital cavity of an un desirable national group to create a homogenous region it represents a type of genocide that is designed to spread terror (Friedman, 1996 Weine & Laub, 1995). Serbias initial rationale for its policy was promulgated by the look that the newly formed state of Bosnia-Herzegovina would create national minorities of the Serb population and eventually destroy the Serb populace as a discrete and unique nation (Friedman, 1996).The prospect of acquiring material goods from the Muslimsland, livestock, houses, cars, and cashapparently was an supererogatory superpowerful incentive for many Serbs (Cigar, 1995 Sells, 1998). The indigenous Bosnian Serb population was drawn into a terror campaign of killing and mayhem so the non-Serbian populations would never return. This persecution ultimately led to more than one million Balkan refugees migrating to the United States and other countries. The types of experiences they endured in their homeland before emigrating dramatically influenced their i nitial adaptation to these new environments. Resettlement and adaptation IssuesAs difficult as the war-related experiences were, migration to resettlement countries signaled a transition to new types of struggles for Bosnian refugees. Unlike immigrants who collapse their homes for a variety of reasons, refugees leave in order to survive, and they face a new realm of stressors as they attempt to rebuild their lives in exile (Keyes, 2000 Worthington, 2001). Such stressors include difficult transit experiences culture stupor adjustment problems related to language and occupational change and disruption in their sense of self, family, and community (Lipson, 1993 Worthington, 2001).Additionally, refugees expiration Bosnia-Herzegovina frequently have suffered multiple losses, such as severance from family and friends who have been left behind or killed, displacement from their homes and communities, social isolation, and the premature death of their children. Such an accumulation of loss john leave a sense of unresolved grief that can significantly impact noetic health and future cognitive process capacity (Akhtar, 1992 Fullilove, 1996 Sundquist & Johansson, 1996 Worthington, 2001).When refugees cross national boundaries seeking asylum, they typically find themselves in an alien social environment with norms that challenge their conventional patterns of family inter execution (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). Most Bosnian refugees have a hierarchical familial power structure and clear role definitions in the homeland, authority was typically gender-based, with males maintaining instrumental roles and females fulfilling nurturing responsibilities.A customs dutyal Bosnian womans commitment to her family includes observing strict codes of privacy and public silence on any issue that might bring shame on the family, such as family discord. For many women, this privacy authority deters them from divulging details about marital strife or child mal interference by spouse s to outsiders such as work colleagues, community members, and mental health professionals. Consequently, Bosnian female refugees continue to be caught between traditional role models prevalent throughout the former Yugoslavias patriarchal society in the 20th nose candy and the expectations of their new culture.The Bosnian familys patriarchal patterns of behavior tend to be challenged on arrival in the United States, particularly around work-related issues. Women are more likely than men to find jobs in the low-wage force back market, and in becoming the breadwinners exposed to the outside world, they risk upsetting a family equilibrium based on male authority (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). For Bosnian men, key ethnic and social boundary markers of their lives had evaporated because of their grief over this, many seemed paralyzed in their attempt to move forward in their new life.Bosnian refugee children also face immense acculturation pressures (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). They often are t orn between the beliefs, customs, and values learned in their essential culture and the often unrealistic expectations of the new one. The pressure to assimilate the ethnic norms of their new country can be intense and extremely stressful. Their parents often lack the material resources and support systems to ablely assist them in navigating the complex terrain of foreign school systems, pervasive racism, and intolerance (Mayadas & Segal, 2000).Consequently, many feel as if they are but in a foreign, sometimes unforgiving new ethnical milieu. To further complicate the situation, family roles often uprise as children typically become more fluent in English faster and adapt more quickly to the customs of the new country (Potocky, 1996). Because children are thrust into the role of serving as the interpreters and negotiators of cultural norms for their parents, respect for the authority of elders is often undermined (Carlin, 1990 Drachman 1992).Even though most teenagers in the Un ited States feel a certain amount of intergenerational tension, the adolescents of refugees often experience the pull of two vastly different worlds those of their American peers and their parents (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). They also feel subjected to the xenophobia of their American peers, who often ridicule others who they label as different. Immigration to the United States has provided Bosnian Muslim refugee families with many challenges as they struggle to adapt to their new lives.At first glance, their experiences may be similar to that of other immigrants, raising the familiar enquirys about how to perpetuate the faith of their forebears among their offspring or how to best deal cherished cultural practices (Yazbeck- Haddad & Esposito, 2000). But there are some real differences. With the attacks on the World craftiness Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC, the potential for a xenophobic reception of Muslim immigrants and refugees by Americans has inten sified.For example, disputes over the building of mosques represent a key source of friction for most Westerners (Pipes & Duran, 1993). magical spell Bosnian Muslim families may encounter the same issues earlier generations of immigrants faced, they also are burdened with the question of whether their children will be accepted in the United States, and whether Islam can ever be recognized as a confirmatory force that contributes to a pluralistic, multicultural nation (Yazbeck-Haddad & Esposito, 2000). Culturally Competent Practice with Bosnian MuslimsWhen working with Bosnian Muslim refugees, service providers need to learn as much as affirmable about their culture, particularly given the pivotal role that ethnoreligious identity has played in their war-related experiences (Witmer & Culver, 2001). Bosnian men and women tend to adhere to traditional gender roles connected with this issue is the intense stigma attached to the sexual violation of women. This stigma frequently led wo men to refrain from disclosing war rapes to their families (Witmer & Culver, 2001).Bosnian Muslims typically act in ways that preserve the positive image of the familys identity, especially males, who see openly revealing photograph or suffering as a sign of great personal weakness (Weine et al. , 1997). Family is the most important social structure across the urban and rural regions of Bosnia (Mojica-Castillo, 2001). Up until the 1970s, adult children commonly lived with their parents and multiple generations lived in the same house. But today, twoparent families predominate in this region with extended family members often living nearby.A wad of shoes can typically be found outside a Bosnian home (Mojica-Castillo, 2001). This is because it is universal to remove street shoes and leave them at the door. Bosnians maintain a strong social tradition of neighborliness. The drinking of strong coffee or the sharing of food, accompanied by the essential element of full-bodied conversa tion, is an important aspect of social life. Traditional music and folk dances are an important part of cultural celebrations.A basic tenet of generalist social work is that practitioners need to be able to interject on behalf of various systems, including individuals, families, orgaruzations, and communities. Additionally, the generalist social worker operates within an ecological framework that attempts to improve get by patterns for a better match between the client systems needs and the characteristics of his or her environment. An sanction approach to generalist practice assumes that clients can draw from existing competencies and reservoirs of strength.Empowerment indicates the intent and the processes of assisting client systems to uncover and expand the tools and resources around them (Furuto, 2004). Swift and Levin (1987) referred to authority as an evolution from dependence to independence and interdependence. Gutierrez (1990) described dominance as the process of i ncreasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals can take action to improve their life situations (p. 140). The strengths perspective enhances the concept of empowerment with its focus on promoting healing.Healing implies both oneness and the inborn ability of the mind and body to resist and regenerate when faced with disruption, disorder, or disease (Furuto, 2004). heathenish and religious identity may lead to discrimination when the refugee is seeking a job that requires incumbrance on a more personal level. Long-term difficulty in finding a job that provides the family with adequate income may cause low self-esteem and family tension culminating in violence (Furuto & Murase, 1992). Various system levels often must be addressed simultaneously (Mayadas & Segal, 2000).Western thinking on designing comprehensive mental health services is mostly based on the individual as the primary system targeted for preventative hence, existing services tend to be desi gned for a North American population (Mooren & Kleber, 1999). Furthermore, treatment of mental health disorders typically follows a medical model using talk therapy and drugs. Western theories also emphasize intrapersonal processes in isolation from the cultural context. The prevailing view that the responses to trauma are individual center is in keeping with this tradition.Service providers must use the refugees own, indigenous cultural definitions of health and illness when qualification mental health assessments (Boothby, 1996 Wing Sue, Ivey, & Pedersen, 1996). For example, a Bosnian client who had the Western diag nosis of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder refused medication saying that there was nothing wrong with him that medications could fix, and insisted that the clinician understand that his current condition was a result of the wrongs that had been done to him, and not because of anything that was wrong with him (Weine & Laub, 1995, p. 255).To address the issue of respecting the clients definition of the issue, Yuen (1999) promoted a more holistic biopsychosocial model of intervention when working with Bosnian children and their families hence, the importance of using an ethnically sensitive ecological framework becomes a second principle of culturally competent practice. A third principle is to respect the indigenous strengths and resources within Bosnians that empower them to cope with their own experiences.Chow & Yuen (2000) noted the necessity for an empowerment and capacity building model where refugees become partners in the design and elivery of services within their community. Efforts to design and communicate human service programs should include using indigenous Bosnian religious and cultural organizations, as well as self-help groups (Chow & Yuen, 2000). Conclusion After Bosnians flee their homeland, they need protection in the asylum country. This necessitates supportive policies and macrolevel intervention competenc e. The main policy that guides refugee resettlement in the United States is Public Law 96-212, the Refugee Act of 1980 (Mayadas & Segal, 2000).Based on the goal of fortune refugees achieve economic self-sufficiency as quickly as possible, the act defines self-sufficiency as not receiving welfare benefits (Potocky, 1996). As such, this policy may be ineffective in helping refugees to settle in an optimal manner. To become truly self-sufficient, service providers need to redefine success in more progressive ways, such as helping refugees to effectively deal with resettlement issues relating to acculturation, mental trauma, and intergenerational conflictall of which can impede long-term economic self-sufficiency.This new goal requires adequate fiscal resources to start programs and engage in active community outreach (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). Social services must aspire to restore the psychological health and dignity of these families and children, who have seen the worst side of hum an nature. Helping them establish a positive self-image is critical to their success. While the genocide of family members and violent acts can never be forgotten, surrounding Bosnian Muslim refugees with a network of positive, supportive services can help them establish a solid bridgehead in the United States.